Marcos analíticos de políticas públicas en estudios de políticas de salud para juventudes 2012-2022. Revisión narrativa
Resumen
Esta revisión narrativa examina los marcos analíticos empleados en los estudios de políticas públicas sobre la salud de los jóvenes publicados entre 2012 y 2022. Una proporción significativa de los artículos revisados no explicitó los marcos analíticos que guiaron su investigación, a pesar de su importancia para aclarar los supuestos teóricos que subyacen a la interpretación de los resultados. Entre los estudios que sí informaron de sus marcos, los métodos evaluativos -característicos de los enfoques clásicos- fueron los más utilizados. Además, se aplicaron, aunque en menor medida, marcos como el triángulo político de Walt y Gilson, el marco de corrientes múltiples de Kingdon y los modelos desarrollados por Teitelbaum y Wilensky. También se identificaron enfoques interpretativos, incluidos los desarrollados por Carol Bacchi, Emery Roe y Dvora Yanow, así como metodologías de análisis del discurso, aunque su aplicación fue menos frecuente.
Nuestra revisión pone de relieve una dependencia predominante de los enfoques clásicos en la investigación sobre políticas de salud juvenil, que a menudo hacen hincapié en la medición de los cambios de comportamiento dentro de la población. Sin embargo, estos estudios tienden a subrepresentar las perspectivas de los jóvenes como sujetos de derechos. Además, los artículos revisados suelen presentar a los jóvenes como un grupo homogéneo, definido principalmente por su asistencia a entornos de educación formal y con un reconocimiento limitado de su diversidad sexual. Estos resultados subrayan la necesidad de una mayor inclusión y diversidad teórica.
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